Appendix
Image 1: Regression Results - DV: average PISA scores, IV: average total retention.
Image 2: Regression Results - DV: average PISA scores; IVs: average total retention, (logged) GDP per Capita, OECD, urban population.
Image 3: Regression Results - DV: average PISA scores; IV: retention at the secondary level of education
Image 4: Regression Results - DV: average PISA scores; IV: retention at the primary level of education
Image 5: Regression results - DV: average PISA scores; IVs: retention at primary level, (logged) GDP per Capita, OECD, urban population, share of female population with college degree, share of male population with college degree.
Image 6: Regression Results - DV: Math PISA scores; IVs: retention at primary level, (logged) GDP per Capita, OECD, urban population, share of female population with college degree, share of male population with college degree.
Image 7: Regression Results - DV: Science PISA scores; IVs: retention at primary level, (logged) GDP per Capita, OECD, urban population, share of female population with college degree, share of male population with college degree.